TORTURE

Torture

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For other uses, see Torture (disambiguation).

Torture by mosquitoes in a Soviet gulag. Painting by Nikolai Getman, provided by Jamestown Foundation.[1]Torture is the intentional infliction of pain or suffering to a degree that is deemed unacceptable in a particular political or legal context. People disagree, often for political reasons, on the definition of torture, and the degree of pain or suffering that must be involved, or the circumstances in which an activity constitutes torture. One generally-accepted definition of torture is given by the United Nations Convention Against Torture, which defines it as

"any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions."[2]
Torture has often been sponsored by governments. In addition, individuals or groups may inflict torture on others for the same reasons as those acting in an official capacity; however, another motive for torture can be for the sadistic gratification of the torturer, as was the case in the Moors Murders. Torture is prohibited under international law and the domestic laws of most countries; however, Amnesty International estimates that 75% of the world's governments currently practice torture as they define it.[3]

Throughout history, torture has often been used as a method of effecting political re-education. In the 21st century, torture is widely considered to be a violation of human rights, and is declared to be unacceptable by Article 5 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In times of war, signatories of the Third Geneva Convention and Fourth Geneva Convention agree not to torture protected persons (POWs and enemy civilians) in armed conflicts.

International legal prohibitions on torture derive from a philosophical consensus that torture and ill-treatment are immoral.[4] These international conventions and philosophical propositions not withstanding, organizations such as Amnesty International that monitor abuses of human rights report a widespread use of torture condoned by states in many regions of the world.[5]

Contents

1 Etymology
2 Laws against torture
2.1 United Nations Convention Against Torture
2.1.1 Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture
2.2 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
2.3 Geneva Conventions
2.3.1 Geneva Convention IV exemptions
2.3.2 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions
2.4 Other conventions
2.4.1 European agreements
2.4.2 Inter-American Convention
2.5 Supervision of anti-torture treaties
2.6 Municipal law
3 History
4 Torture in recent times
4.1 Torture by proxy
5 Aspects of torture
5.1 Ethical arguments regarding torture
5.2 Motivation for torture
5.3 Rejection of torture
5.4 Incrimination of innocent people
5.5 Secrecy
6 Torture methods and devices
7 Torture murder
8 Effects of torture
9 Methods of execution and capital punishment
10 See also
11 Footnotes
12 Further reading